唐伯橋：《多維》篡改他人文章

　　這是以前曾發給一些新聞報導界朋友的一封公開信.現在看來還有刊登的價值,因為多維已經越走越遠了.現轉發給你,供你參考.

　　柏橋

原發表在(2/3/2003 13:52) 新世紀網站：
　　http://www.ncn.org/asp/zwginfo/da.asp?ID=50038&ad=2/3/2003

　　各位新聞界朋友:

　　多維網作為一個傳媒機構,毫無職業操守和法治觀點,常常在轉載轉譯其他新聞機構的文章時將原文改得面目全非,有時還故意彎曲原文本意.我最近開始留心這一網站,結果短短几天就發現了大量問題.比如,今天有兩篇放在最重要的版面的「唱衰」美國的轉譯文章,均將原文標題與內容進行了篡改。其中一片註明譯自紐約時報的文章,標題為「美國的下一個災難是甚麼?」（記者黃東）。可這篇文章的原標題卻是「Disaster Stirs Already Unsettled Feelings Across the Country」,與多維網的標題差了十萬八千里;另一篇註明轉譯遠東經濟評論的文章,標題為「美國無法同時打贏兩場戰爭」（記者蘇小蕙）,而原文標題卻是「 War In Iraq: Leaving Asia Exposed」,也是牛頭不對馬嘴.而這兩篇文章的內容也被改得面目全非（參見後面的原文與多維網轉譯文）.....

　　六篇頭版新聞中就有兩篇改頭換面重新包裝上市的作品.這樣的新聞機構,還標榜客觀公正;在我看來,不過是一群嫖客在廉價販賣仿製盜版產品。

　　我已做過簡單的統計和分析,多維（注意,他們販賣的就是多元公正）頭版每天平均有一到兩篇新聞或文章是負面評價美國政治、經濟與社會生活的（頭版總共不過五六篇文章）。有時佔頭版版面的一半（大約三篇）；而批評中國政府的文章幾乎全部被安置在「邊遠地區」，要麼是多維觀點，要麼是地區新聞等，鮮見有這類文章出現在頭版。而且，他們幾乎每天都少不了歌頌中共新主人胡錦濤等的長篇報導，比如說胡錦濤如何親民啦，如何準備政治改革啦，李長春如何精明能幹啦，曾慶紅如何深謀遠慮啦，等等（正寫著，一篇頭版「新聞」：「共青團派三梯隊及其核心」又冒出來了----這都算哪門子新聞？）；更是少不了隔幾天來一兩篇修理異議人士的專欄文章----多維的主管還四處標榜自己是中國政府的異議人士，真是讓人笑掉大牙。異議人士不遺餘力地吹捧當局者，毫不留情地鞭撻其他異議人士（他們的專欄作者甚至認為異議人士鄭義想殺死幾億中國人！），這也算是當代中國社會的一大特色吧。

　　多維既沒有公正可言，也無誠信，這早已是多數敢對中國政府說不的人的共識。不過，我還是有一點弄不明白：他們為何總是故意四處尋找批評貶低美國的文章轉載，而且還並不滿足，往往還要將原文修改和編輯成對美國更具挑釁性的文稿發表，這倒底是為甚麼呢?各位是否也想過這個問題呢？

　　但願我們能為清潔中文傳媒做點甚麼。

　　唐柏橋

　　Disaster Stirs Already Unsettled Feelings Across the Country
　　By TODD S. PURDUM

　　ASHINGTON, Feb. 1 _ For sleeping Texans who heard the 「boom-boom,」 it was the sound of the sky falling. For the clinical voice of NASA's Mission Control, it was a 「contingency.」 For Americans already grappling with a confluence of threatening events, the instinctive reaction was, 「What next?」

　　Like the space shuttle Challenger disaster 17 years ago this week and the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, the disintegration of the shuttle Columbia played out in real time before a nationwide television audience, sparking many of the same unsettled feelings.

　　Only because the breakup began some 40 miles above the earth could the instinct to think of terrorism be repressed. But to a nation still struggling with the aftermath of the most devastating terrorist attack in its history and the abiding threat of another, plus a sluggish economy, nuclear tension with North Korea and the prospect of war with Iraq, this morning's disaster was an especially harsh blow.

　　「The cause in which they died will continue,」 President Bush vowed in remarks to the nation from the White House this afternoon. 「Mankind is led into the darkness beyond our world by the inspiration of discovery and the longing to understand. Our journey into space will go on.」

　　When the Challenger exploded on takeoff on Jan. 28, 1986, President Ronald Reagan sought to reassure schoolchildren captivated by the presence on the mission of Christa McAuliffe, who was to have been the first teacher in space.

　　「We've grown used to the idea of space, and perhaps we forget that we've only just begun,」 Mr. Reagan said, adding: 「I know it's hard to understand, but sometimes painful things like this happen. It's all part of taking a chance and expanding man's 　　horizons. The future doesn't belong to the faint-hearted. It belongs to the brave.」

　　Mr. Bush will surely need to summon all the courage he can muster _ and more important, summon the nation's _ in the days and weeks ahead. For even as he tries to rally anxious Americans and doubting allies for a war, he will face a new, if predictable, challenge: public demands for answers and political demands for accountability.

　　This afternoon, the NASA administrator, Sean O'Keefe, pledged an immediate internal review of mission STS-107, as well as an outside inquiry by an independent 「mishap investigation board.」 Mr. O'Keefe said relevant flight data in NASA's computers was already being secured.

　　The mourning will come first, of course, and Mr. O'Keefe said: 「The loss of this valiant crew is something we will never be able to get over.」 Like the Challenger, whose crew was a multiracial, multiethnic American mosaic, the Columbia had a varied crew, including the first Israeli astronaut. One member was born in Iowa, while another was born in India.

　　 Unlike the Challenger, which exploded over the ocean, the Columbia fell to earth this morning in fiery and potentially toxic bits over the cities and towns of Mr. Bush's home state, like a scene from 「War of the Worlds.」 NASA spokesmen warned the public not to touch any debris but to report it instead to law enforcement authorities.

　　In a twist of nomenclature that would seem plausible only in fiction, a craft carrying Col. Ilan Ramon of the Israeli Air Force apparently broke up near an East Texas town called Palestine. By late morning, NASA was lowering flags to half-staff.

　　Televisions that had been full of Saturday morning cartoons were alive with charts, drawings and the endless replays of the shuttle's shockingly wrong multiple vapor trails as it streaked at six times the speed of sound toward a landing in Florida after a 16-day science mission.

　　John Glenn, the first American to orbit the earth 41 years ago, and his wife, Annie, had just turned on their television to watch the landing. Mr. Glenn, who flew on the shuttle Discovery in 1998, told The Associated Press that 「once you went for several
minutes without any contact, you knew something was terribly wrong.」

　　Government officials said that there were no indications of terrorism, and that the shuttle was out of range of surface-to-air missiles. Whatever the cause, there was no possibility of an emergency landing or ejection by the astronauts after the craft got in trouble at 200,000 feet, moving at 12,500 miles an hour.

　　In the initial aftermath of the Challenger disaster, the national and official mood was numbness. Only later did it become apparent that NASA had long had evidence of the very vulnerability that caused that accident, the O-rings on the shuttle's solid fuel rockets, which tended to become brittle and shrink in cold weather like that on the morning of the Challenger's ill-fated launching. Engineers had warned of the possibility just hours before
the launching.

　　So, too, in the days after Sept. 11, 2001, there was national unity and great reluctance to question the government missteps or intelligence failures that might have left the nation vulnerable to such brutal attack. But those questions have since surfaced increasingly, and many remain unanswered.

　　But for the moment, today there was only shock. Democratic leaders of the House of Representatives, meeting at a Pennsylvania resort to plan strategy for confronting President Bush on taxes, Medicare and the rest of his domestic agenda, instead began to pray. 「We thought that matters we were dealing with were of the greatest seriousness,」 said Representative Nancy Pelosi of California, the minority leader. 「But it isn't of the greatest urgency for us to discuss them right now.」

特稿：美國的下一個災難是甚麼？

　　【多維新聞社3日電】多維社記者黃東報導／美東時間2月1日上午9時左右，正從太空返回地球的美國「哥倫比亞」號太空梭在得州上空意外解體，7名宇航員遇難。這一災難震驚了全球，更讓尚未從911襲擊中完全恢復的美國人民再次陷入巨大悲慟之中。他們的本能反應是，「美國的下一個災難是甚麼？」

　　紐約時報2日載文指出，如同17年前的這個星期「挑戰者」號太空梭在升空時發生爆炸及一年多前的911襲擊那樣，美國人民在電視中看到了「哥倫比亞」號太空梭解體的全過程。僅僅因為解體發生在地球上空40英里，人們關於太空梭遭恐怖襲擊的想法才被壓抑。

　　但對一個正從歷來最具毀滅性的恐怖襲擊及持續恐怖威脅中努力恢復正常同時又面臨經濟停滯、伊拉克戰爭和朝鮮核危機的國家來說，哥倫比亞號太空梭失事對美國的打擊顯得特別沈重。

　　文章說，1986年1月28日挑戰者號爆炸後，里根總統對全國人民說，「我們已經習慣了太空的概念，可能已經忘了我們剛剛起步。我知道這很難理解，但有時候像這樣悲慟的事情就發生了。這是抓住集會、擴展人類空間的一部分。未來不屬於脆弱的心靈，未來屬於強者。」

　　布希總統現在顯然需要調動國人一切他能調動的勇氣，特別是在未來幾天和幾週時間裏。因為即便在他努力團結焦慮的國民和猶豫的盟友準備戰爭之際，如果預計正確的話，他將面臨來自一個新挑戰：公眾要求政府給出答案，政府必須承當政治責任。

　　文章指出，和挑戰者號爆炸後一樣，美國人民首先將哀悼遇難的宇航員。不同的是，挑戰者號在海上墜毀，而哥倫比亞號卻變做巨大的火球，墜毀在布希總統家鄉所在的得州，可能含有劇毒物質的碎片更散佈到得州和路州大片地區。整個情景就像電影「星際大戰」（War of the Worlds）中外星人侵略地球的一幕。

　　為此，美國太空總署已警告公眾，不要碰觸太空梭的任何碎片，一旦發現，應馬上報告執法部門。

　　另外，911襲擊後，美國民眾空前團結在政府周圍，基本上不願質疑政府的失誤或者是否因為情報部門反恐不力才導致國家遭受攻擊。但這些問題已慢慢浮現出來，並越來越緊急，很多迄今尚未得到答覆。國民期待政府做出回應。

　　WAR IN IRAQ 　Leaving Asia Exposed

　　U.S. leaders say they can fight two major wars at once, and win. But the facts show that the U.S. will have little choice but to stick with diplomacy on one front in order to pursue war on another. IT WAS GUNBOAT diplomacy in the American superpower style. On January 23, the aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk put to sea from its home port in Yokosuka, Japan, with a clear warning from the Pentagon to Kim Jong Il: Just because we're building forces for an attack on Iraq doesn't mean we can't fight a war in Asia.

　　WHY TWO WARS WON'T WORK
　　． Heavy casualties are inevitable and a political nightmare
　　． There are not enough transport and backup assets to go around
　　． Hi-tech airborne equipment is in limited supply
　　． While fighting Iraq, it could take 45 days to get vital military
　　assets to Asia
　　． Troops in Asia would need massive reinforcements

　　「We are capable of fighting two major regional conflicts,」 United States Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld had threatened earlier. 「We're capable of winning decisively in one and swiftly defeating in the case of the other. And let there be no doubt about it.」

　　In fact, there are many doubts. In Washington and Asia, there is a growing realization that one major conflict is all that the down-sized, post-Cold War U.S. military can handle without risking heavy casualties--which would make a second conflict a political nightmare. Instead, the U.S. will inevitably be forced to resort to diplomacy on one front in order to pursue war on another.

　　「Even with all its awesome military power, everybody recognizes that the U.S. can't really mount a two-fold operation, one in Iraq and another on the Korean peninsula, and keep casualties down low enough to stop a popular upheaval at home,」 says Canberra-based strategic analyst Allan Behm.
This limit to U.S. military power has serious long-term implications for security in Northeast Asia, where more than 80,000 U.S. troops at bases in Japan and South Korea have helped maintain peace and stability for decades. At any time when the U.S. is tied down in a major conflict, the value of its security commitments in the region could come into question.

　　U.S. officials immediately downplayed the Kitty Hawk's move into regional waters, noting that it may even be sent to the Gulf.

　　And it is unlikely that North Korea wants war or that China is about to try to take Taiwan by force. But the two-war fallacy is not merely academic. The fact that Washington cannot onvincingly fight North Korea and Iraq at the same time is a key factor in Washington's current approach to Pyongyang's recent nuclear brinkmanship: Contain tension and seek a diplomatic solution while the Iraq build-up is under way. 「This administration is intent on not letting North Korea get in the way,」 says one administration official.

　　Asian defence specialists say that senior military planners in Pyongyang could not have failed to notice that the massive U.S. deployment to the Middle East to fight the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq resulted in the movement of key military assets away from Asia, particularly support and logistics equipment that would have to be brought to the region in the event of war. Chinese military analysts, too, would have absorbed this lesson, which could be crucial in any conflict in the Taiwan Strait.

　　What they also know is that deep cuts to the U.S. military in the years after the Gulf War mean that the Pentagon would now be even more stretched for manpower if it was forced to fight another major war or even build up troops to deter a clash. Since the 1991 Gulf War, the U.S. active-duty military force has shrunk by almost half, to 1.4 million. For Operation Desert Storm, which expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait and shattered much of Baghdad's military might, the U.S. was able to deploy a 550,000-strong ground force. By comparison, today's total active-duty U.S. army strength is about 480,000.

　　Vastly improved precision weapons, battlefield surveillance and communications mean that that the U.S. now needs fewer soldiers, aircraft and supplies to win on the battlefield. But high-intensity conflict in Korea would still stretch even these updated U.S. forces, despite recent defence budget increases. The biggest problem the U.S. faces in defending Asia is that deploying large forces far from their home bases takes up a huge proportion of available shipping, transport aircraft, air-to-air refuellers and surveillance aircraft that provide necessary backup to the sophisticated U.S. war machine.

　　There is also a limited supply of high-technology equipment that is crucial to modern U.S. fighting, including airborne warning and control systems, airborne command centres, airborne electronic warfare aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, missile defence systems and psychological operations aircraft.

　　Even if the U.S. could exert its full power, most military experts believe the North could devastate Seoul and the South's economy in the early phase of any conflict regardless of the fact that Pyongyang would probably be defeated over the longer term.

　　Along with biological, chemical and possibly nuclear weapons, North Korea has about a million troops, thousands of artillery guns and rocket launchers and thousands of tanks, many deployed close to the Demilitarized Zone dividing the peninsula.

　　In comparison, U.S. forces in Asia are relatively modest. Most analysts believe that the 37,000 U.S. troops based in South Korea would need massive reinforcements to assist the 690,000-strong South Korean military hold off a major attack from the North.

　　Without the Kitty Hawk and its aircraft, the U.S. would be left with about 160 combat aircraft in South Korea and Japan. This is where the trouble starts if the U.S. is engaged elsewhere. Initially, lightly armed Marine units from the 47,000-strong U.S. force in Japan could be deployed at short notice but they lack the firepower for the type of warfare expected on the Korean peninsula. Anthony Cordesman, a senior strategic analyst with the Washington-based Centre for Strategic and International Studies wrote in a recent paper that it could take at least 21 days for the U.S. to deploy major armoured or mechanized reinforcements.

　　「If the U.S. was fighting in Iraq or another major regional contingency, a shortage of lift could extend this to 45 days and the U.S. land forces would face a shortage in specialized land warfare, combat-ready support forces and sustainment assets,」 he wrote.

　　Top U.S. military officers acknowledge this scenario. As far back as 1999, Gen. Henry Shelton, then chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, said that two wars could be won but would carry a 「moderate risk」 of casualties in one case and a 「high risk」 in the second.

　　WASHINGTON AVOIDS A FIGHT

　　It is this thinking that lies behind Washington's willingness to negotiate with Pyongyang while preparing to use force to disarm Iraq, a double standard that has put the Bush administration on the spot. 「It makes it awkward for the administration to explain why it is attacking Iraq when it is using diplomacy in North Korea,」 says Richard Cronin, an Asia specialist with the Congressional Research Service.

　　Few if any experts believe Pyongyang really wants conflict with the U.S. Most believe North Korea's objective is to blackmail Washington into an aid deal that would keep its sagging economy afloat, and that Pyongyang sparked the crisis now to maximize pressure on Washington.

　　 That doesn't mean there is no risk of conflict in Korea. The fact that the more cautious Clinton administration was willing to contemplate a pre-emptive attack on North Korea's Yongbyon reactor in 1994 indicates that Washington could eventually decide that the risk of allowing Pyongyang to build multiple nuclear weapons could outweigh the danger of a destructive war.

　　And there is always the threat of conflict beginning by accident, particularly while tension remains high over Pyongyang's admission it is developing nuclear weapons and evidence that it has reactivated nuclear facilities frozen under a 1994 agreement.

　　「Anybody in their right mind in North East Asia would have to be more focused on North Korea than on Iraq,」 says John Pike, an analyst with GlobalSecurity.org, a Virginia-based think-tank. 「North Korea could unfold quickly.」

特稿：美國不能同時打贏兩場戰爭對東北亞的影響

　　【多維新聞社2日電】多維社記者蘇小蕙報導/美國領導人說，美國能夠同時進行兩場戰爭,而且能夠獲勝，但是事實卻顯示出，為了在一個戰場上進行戰爭，在另一個對抗中，美國除了通過外交努力解決問題外，別無選擇。

　　2003年1月23日，美國航空母艦「小鷹號」（Kitty Hawk）從日本橫須賀港口啟程，開始在東北亞地區海域游弋--這實際上是美國國防部向朝鮮首領金正日發出的一個清楚警告：不要認為美國忙於在海灣地區結集軍隊對付伊拉克，美國就無力同時在亞洲也進行一場戰爭。

　　美國國防部長拉姆斯菲爾得曾經警告說，「美國能夠進行兩場重大地區性戰爭，美國能夠決定性地贏得一場戰爭，並迅速在另外一個戰場也擊敗敵人；對於這一點，大家都不要有任何疑問。」

　　但是，《遠東經濟評論》認為，事實上，有很多疑問。

　　《遠東經濟評論》文章在分析為甚麼美國同時打贏兩場戰爭的戰略不會有效時說，其原因包括，重大人員傷亡將不可避免，從而在美國國內政治上將是一場惡夢；美國沒有足夠的運輸和支持能力滿足兩場戰爭的需要；高科技空中裝備遠遠滿足不了需求；在進行伊拉克戰爭的時候，美國需要45天的時間才能將關鍵性的軍事裝備運輸到亞洲；如果同時進行對朝鮮的戰爭，美國駐亞洲的軍隊需要大量增援。

　　在華盛頓和亞洲，人們越來越認識到，在不造成重大人員傷亡情況下，後冷戰時代規模已經減少的美國軍隊能夠應付的不過是一場重大軍事衝突，同時進行兩場戰爭對美國來說將是一個政治上的惡夢，美國也因此不可避免地被迫在進行一場戰爭的同時在另一個對抗中訴諸外交。

　　《遠東經濟評論》認為，美國軍事力量上的這種侷限性對東北亞地區的安全來說將構成長遠影響--在過去的數十年中，在東北亞地區，美國在南韓和日本總共駐紮的八萬軍隊幫助維持了該地區的和平和穩定。如果美國在全球其它任何地方捲入重大衝突，美國在東北亞地區維持安全的能力將大打折扣。

　　在「小鷹號」航空母艦進入東北亞水域後，美國官員很快低調處理「小鷹號」的活動，他們說，「小鷹號」可能被派往海灣地區。《遠東經濟評論》指出，美國能夠同時打贏兩場重大地區性戰爭的謬論不僅僅是一個學術問題--美國無力同時決定性地打敗朝鮮和伊拉克正是美國目前處理朝鮮核戰爭邊緣政策的關鍵因素，即在海灣地區集結軍隊的同時試圖通過外交努力解決朝鮮問題。

　　亞洲的防衛分析人士說，朝鮮不可能不注意到，在1991年海灣戰爭時候，美國曾將大量本來駐紮在東北亞地區的關鍵性軍事裝備運往海灣，特別是支持和後勤裝備。中國軍事分析人士也應該從美國1991年海灣戰爭中吸取了教訓，而中國從中吸取的教訓在未來如果臺灣海峽發生軍事衝突時候，將可能起關鍵作用。

　　大幅度改進的精確制導武器，戰場偵察和通訊手段使美國現在需要較少的士兵，飛機和供應就可以獲得戰場勝利，但是即使美國國防預算已經增長，朝鮮半島的高強度軍事衝突將仍然導致美國裝備威廉亚洲官网 武器的軍隊疲於奔命，在防禦東北亞衝突中，美國軍隊將面臨的最大問題是在距離美國本土如此遙遠的地方部署大量軍隊需要大量的海上，空中運輸船隻和飛機，以及空中加油機，偵察飛機等等

　　美國軍方高級官員也承認美國同時打贏兩場戰爭的能力有限。《遠東經濟評論》指出，早在1999年，當時的美國參謀長聯席會議主席謝爾頓（Henry
　　Shelton）就說，美國可能同時打贏兩場戰爭，但是在一個戰場上，美國將冒著中等程度的人員傷亡的危險，但是在另外一個戰場上，美國人員傷亡的危險將很大。

　　沒有多少人認為，朝鮮真的希望同美國進行軍事衝突，大部分人士相信，朝鮮的目的不過是通過敲詐，迫使美國同自己在援助上達成協議，以幫助自己恢復破產的經濟。

　　但是，美國設立在弗吉尼亞州的智庫GlobalSecurity.org的一位分析人士說，朝鮮半島的局勢可能在很短的時間內急劇惡化。

(新世紀)