美国《权利法案》的重要意义

2007-01-07 07:00 作者:刘宗正 美国《权利法案》(Bill of Rights)，在《宪法》上共有十项修正案；这十项修正案，旨在限制政府的权力与保护人民的权利；这十项修正案，与东亚大陆共产党的法律精神完全相反，后者着重于强化政府的权力、严格管理与限制人民的行动。

美国的《宪法》与《权利法案》，建立在彻底尊重人的尊严与权利，建立在彻底尊重人的自由与选择权利，建立在坚定信仰“人人平等、主权在民、人权高于主权、保护个体主义、保护自由主义”等的理念。

东亚大陆共产党的伪《宪法》，旨在彻底摧毁人的尊严与权利，旨在剥夺人的自由与选择权利，旨在彻底建立“人人不平等(党阶级专政)、主权在党、主权高于人权、维护集体主义、维护专制主义”等的概念。

兹列出《权利法案》的十项修正案(Amendment)如下:

1. 第一修正案，其内容为，“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”(国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会与向政府要求正义的权利。)

2.第二修正案，其内容为，“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”(纪律严明的民兵是保障自由成员国的安全所必需的，人民持有与携带武器的权利不可侵犯。)

3. 第三修正案，其内容为，“No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.”(未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。)

4.第四修正案，其内容为，“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”(人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查与扣押的权利，不得侵犯。除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明搜查地点和扣押的人或物，不得发出搜查与扣押状。)

5.第五修正案，其内容为，“No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.”(除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉书，任何人不受死罪或其他重罪的审判，但发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时，服役的民兵中的案件除外；任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；不经正当法律程式，不得被剥夺生命、自由或财产。不给予合理赔偿，私有财产不得充作公共使用。)

6.第六修正案，其内容为，“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”(在一切刑事诉讼中，被告有权由犯罪行为发生地的State与地区的正义陪审团予以迅速与公开的审判，该地区应事先已由法律确定；得知控告的性质和理由；同原告证人对质；以强制程序取得对其有利的证人；并取得律师帮助为其辩护。)

7.第七修正案，其内容为，“In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.”(在习惯法的诉讼中，其争执价额超过二十美元，由陪审团审判的权利应受到保护。由陪审团裁决的事实，合众国的任何法院除非按照习惯法规则，不得重新审查。)

8.第八修正案，其内容为，“Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”(不得要求过多的保释金，不得处以过重的罚金，不得施加残酷与非常的惩罚。)

9.第九修正案，其内容为， “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.”(本宪法对某些权利的列举，不得被解释为否定或轻视由人民保留的其它权利)。

10.第十修正案，其内容为，“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.(宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各成员国行使的权力，由各成员国各自保留，或由人民保留)。

这十项修正案，明显体现了“人权是自然的，人是神圣不可侵犯的，人是不可以被奴役的，人生来是自由的，人有言论与信仰的自由，人在权利上是平等的，人拥有自卫权，人拥有私有财产权，人拥有隐私权”等理念。

这十项修正案，明显体现了“主权在民与人民民主”的权利；明显体现了“陪审团对保护人民权利”的正义意义；明显体现了“具体保障人民权利的措施”；明显体现了“《宪法》中没有规定的权利都属于人民”；也明显体现了“人民自由与创造的可能性”。

美国的《宪法》与《权利法案》，不就是美国成为伟大道德与正义国家的原因？不就是美国成为伟大民主与自由国家的原因？不就是美国成为伟大人权与法治国家的原因？不就是美国成为伟大诚信与文明创造国家的原因？不就是美国成为伟大博爱与幸福国家的原因？不就是美国成为全人类所梦想追求的理想家园的原因？

2007-1-2(文章仅代表作者个人立场和观点)